June 25th, 2012 by Hasham

Treatment Of Invasive Breast Cancer, By Stage

Breast-conserving surgery is often appropriate for earlier-stage invasive breast cancers if the cancer is small enough, although mastectomy is also an option. If the cancer is too large, a mastectomy will be needed, unless pre-operative (neoadjuvant) chemotherapy (chemo) can shrink the tumor enough to allow breast-conserving surgery. In either case, one or more underarm lymph nodes will need to be checked for cancer. Radiation will be needed for almost all patients who have breast-conserving surgery and some who have mastectomy. Adjuvant systemic therapy after surgery is typically recommended for all cancers larger than 1 cm (about 1/2 inch) across, and also sometimes for smaller tumors.
Stage I

These cancers are still relatively small and either have not spread to the lymph nodes (N0) or there is a tiny area of cancer spread in the sentinel lymph node (N1mi).

Local therapy: Stage I cancers can be treated with either breast-conserving surgery (lumpectomy, partial mastectomy) or mastectomy. The lymph nodes will also need to be evaluated, with a sentinel lymph node biopsy or an axillary lymph node dissection. Breast reconstruction can be done either at the same time as surgery or later.

Radiation therapy is usually given after breast-conserving surgery. Women may consider breast-conserving surgery without radiation therapy if all of the following are true:

* They are age 70 years or older.
* The tumor was 2 cm or less across and it has been completely removed.
* The tumor contains hormone receptors and hormone therapy is given.
* None of the lymph nodes that were removed contained cancer.

Some women who do not meet these criteria may be tempted to avoid radiation, but studies have shown that not getting radiation increases the chances of the cancer coming back.

Adjuvant systemic therapy: Most doctors will discuss the pros and cons of adjuvant hormone therapy (either tamoxifen,an aromatase inhibitor, or one following the other) with all women who have a hormone receptor–positive (estrogen or progesterone) breast cancer, no matter how small the tumor. Women with tumors larger than 0.5 cm (about 1/4 inch) across may be more likely to benefit from it.

If the tumor is smaller than 1 cm (about 1/2 inch) across, adjuvant chemo is not usually offered. Some doctors may suggest chemo if a cancer smaller than 1 cm has any unfavorable features (such as being high-grade, hormone receptor–negative, HER2-positive, or having a high score on one of the gene panels). Adjuvant chemo is usually recommended for larger tumors.

For HER2-positive cancers, adjuvant trastuzumab (Herceptin) is usually recommended as well.
Stage II

These cancers are larger and/or have spread to a few nearby lymph nodes.

Local therapy: Surgery and radiation therapy options for stage II tumors are similar to those for stage I tumors, except that in stage II, radiation therapy to the chest wall may be considered even after mastectomy if the tumor is large (more than 5 cm across) or cancer cells are found in several lymph nodes.

Adjuvant systemic therapy: Adjuvant systemic therapy is recommended for women with stage II breast cancer. It may involve hormone therapy, chemo, trastuzumab, or some combination of these, depending on the patient’s age, estrogen-receptor status, and HER2/neu status. See the following section for more information on adjuvant therapy.

Neoadjuvant therapy: An option for some women who would like to have breast-conserving therapy, but the surgeon feels the tumor is too large to have a good result, is to have neoadjuvant (before surgery) chemo, hormone therapy, and/or trastuzumab to shrink the tumor.

If the neoadjuvant treatment shrinks the tumor enough, women may then be able to have breast-conserving surgery (such as lumpectomy) followed by radiation therapy. More adjuvant therapy after surgery may also be given.

If the tumor does not shrink enough for breast-conserving surgery, then mastectomy may be required. Adjuvant therapy may also be given after surgery, but would likely be with different drugs, since the tumor did not shrink with the first set given. Radiation therapy may be given after surgery, as well.

A woman’s chance for survival from breast cancer does not seem to be affected by whether she gets chemo before or after her breast surgery.
Stage III

For a cancer to be a stage III, the tumor must be large (greater than 5 cm or about 2 inches across) or growing into nearby tissues (the skin over the breast or the muscle underneath), or the cancer has spread to many nearby lymph nodes. Local treatment for some stage III breast cancers is largely the same as that for stage II breast cancers. Tumors that are small enough (and have not grown into nearby tissues) may be removed by breast-conserving surgery (such as lumpectomy) which is followed by radiation therapy. Otherwise, the breast is treated with mastectomy (with or without breast reconstruction). Sentinel lymph node biopsy may be an option for some patients, but most require an axillary lymph node dissection. Surgery is usually followed by adjuvant systemic chemotherapy, and/or hormone therapy, and/or trastuzumab. Radiation after mastectomy is often recommended.

Often, stage III cancers are treated with neoadjuvant chemo (chemo before surgery). This may shrink the tumor enough that a lumpectomy or other breast-conserving surgery may be done. Otherwise, a mastectomy is done. Usually an axillary lymph node dissection is done as well. Immediate reconstruction may be an option for some, but reconstruction is often delayed until after radiation therapy, which is often given even if a mastectomy is done. Adjuvant chemo may also be given, and adjuvant hormone therapy is offered to all women with hormone receptor–positive breast cancers.

Some inflammatory breast cancers are stage III. They are treated with neoadjuvant chemo, sometimes with radiation. This is followed by a mastectomy and axillary lymph node dissection. Then adjuvant treatment with chemo (and trastuzumab if the cancer is HER2+), radiation therapy (if it wasn’t given before surgery), and hormone therapy (if the cancer is hormone receptor positive) is given.
Adjuvant drug therapy for stages I to III breast cancer

Adjuvant drug therapy may be recommended, based on the tumor’s size, spread to lymph nodes, and other prognostic features. If it is, you may get chemotherapy, trastuzumab (Herceptin), hormone therapy, or some combination of these.

Hormone therapy: Hormone therapy is not likely to be effective for women with hormone receptor-negative tumors. Hormone therapy is frequently offered to all women with hormone receptor–positive invasive breast cancer regardless of the size of the tumor or the number of lymph nodes involved.

Women who are still having periods and have hormone receptor–positive tumors can be treated with tamoxifen, which block the effects of estrogen being made by the ovaries. Some doctors also give a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) analog, which makes the ovaries temporarily stop functioning. Another (permanent) option is surgical removal of the ovaries (oophorectomy). Still, it is not clear that removing the ovaries or stopping them from working helps tamoxifen work better. If the woman becomes post-menopausal within 5 years of starting tamoxifen (either naturally or because her ovaries are removed), she may be switched from tamoxifen to an aromatase inhibitor.

Sometimes a woman will stop having periods after chemotherapy or while on tamoxifen. But this does not necessarily mean she is truly post-menopausal. The woman’s doctor can do blood tests for certain hormones to determine her menopausal status. This is important because the aromatase inhibitors will only benefit post-menopausal women.

Women no longer having periods, or who are known to be in menopause at any age, and who have hormone receptor–positive tumors will generally get adjuvant hormone therapy either with an aromatase inhibitor (typically for 5 years), or with tamoxifen for 2 to 5years followed by an aromatase inhibitor for 3 to 5 more years. For women who can’t take aromatase inhibitors, an alternative is tamoxifen for 5 years.

As mentioned before, there are still many unanswered questions about the best way to use these drugs. For example, it’s not clear if starting adjuvant therapy with one of these drugs is better than giving tamoxifen for some length of time and then switching to an aromatase inhibitor. Nor has the optimal length of treatment with aromatase inhibitors been determined. Studies now under way should help answer these questions. You might want to discuss these newer treatments with your doctor.

If chemo is to be given as well, hormone therapy is usually not started until after chemo is completed.

Chemotherapy: Chemo is usually recommended for all women with an invasive breast cancer whose tumor is hormone receptor-negative, and for women with hormone receptor-positive–tumors who may get additional benefit from having chemo along with their hormone therapy, based on the stage and characteristics of their tumor.

Adjuvant chemo can decrease the risk of the cancer coming back, but it does not remove the risk completely. Before deciding if it’s right for you, it is important to understand the chance of your cancer returning and how much adjuvant therapy will decrease that risk.

Your doctor should discuss what specific drug regimens are best for you based on your cancer, its stage, your other health issues, and your preferences. The typical chemo regimens are listed in the chemotherapy section. The length of these regimens usually ranges from 4 to 6 months. In some cases, dose-dense chemo may be used.

Trastuzumab (Herceptin): Women who have HER2-positive cancers are usually given trastuzumab along with chemo as part of their treatment.

A common chemo regimen is doxorubicin (Adriamycin) and cyclophosphamide together for about 3 months, followed by paclitaxel (Taxol) and trastuzumab. The paclitaxel is given for about 3 months, while the trastuzumab is given for a total of about 1 year.

A concern among doctors is that giving the trastuzumab so soon after doxorubicin may lead to heart problems, so heart function is watched closely during treatment with tests such as echocardiograms or MUGA scans.

To try to lessen the possible effects on the heart, doctors are also looking for effective chemotherapy combinations that don’t contain doxorubicin. One such regimen is called TCH. It gives the chemotherapy drugs docetaxel (Taxotere) and carboplatin every 3 weeks along with weekly trastuzumab (Herceptin) for 6 cycles. This is followed by trastuzumab every 3 weeks for a year.

Gene pattern tests: Some doctors may use newer gene pattern tests to help decide whether to give adjuvant chemotherapy to women with certain stage I or II breast cancers. Examples of such tests include Oncotype DX and MammaPrint, which are described in more detail in the section “How is breast cancer diagnosed?” These tests are done on a sample of your breast cancer tissue. They look at the function of several genes within the cancer to help predict its risk of returning after treatment. The tests will not tell your doctor which hormone therapy or chemotherapy is best for you. They can help your doctor decide how helpful adjuvant treatment may be for you. Large clinical trials are now being done to see how helpful these tests may be in situations where doctors are often uncertain, such as in women with small tumors and clear lymph nodes.

Online tools to help make decisions: For help in deciding if adjuvant therapy is right for you, you might want to visit the Mayo Clinic Web site at www.mayoclinic.com and type “adjuvant therapy for breast cancer” into the search box. You will find a page that will help you to understand the possible benefits and limits of adjuvant therapy.

Other online guides, such as www.adjuvantonline.com, are designed to be used by health care professionals. This Web site provides information about your risk of the cancer returning within the next 10 years and what benefits you might expect from hormone therapy and/or chemotherapy. You may want to ask your doctor if he or she uses this site.
Stage IV

Stage IV cancers have spread beyond the breast and lymph nodes to other parts of the body. Breast cancer most commonly spreads to the bones, liver, and lung. As the cancer progresses, it may spread to the brain, but it can affect any organ, even the eye.

Although surgery and/or radiation may be useful in some situations (see below), systemic therapy is the main treatment. Depending on many factors, this may consist of hormone therapy, chemo, targeted therapies like trastuzumab, pertuzumab (Perjeta), and lapatinib (Tykerb), or some combination of these treatments. Treatment can help shrink tumors, improve symptoms, and help patients live longer, but it isn’t able to cure these cancers (make the cancer go away and stay away).

Trastuzumab may help women with HER2-positive cancers live longer if it is given with the first chemo for stage IV disease. Giving pertuzumab with chemo and trastuzumab may help even more. Trastuzumab can also help when given with the hormone therapy drug letrozole. It is not clear how long treatment with trastuzumab or pertuzumab continue.

All of the systemic therapies given for breast cancer — hormone therapy, chemo, and targeted therapies — have potential side effects, which were described in previous sections. Your doctor will explain to you the benefits and risks of these treatments before prescribing them.

Radiation therapy and/or surgery may also be used in certain situations, such as:

* When the breast tumor is causing an open wound in the breast (or chest)
* To treat a small number of metastases in a certain area
* To prevent bone fractures
* When an area of cancer spread is pressing on the spinal cord
* To treat a blockage in the liver
* To provide relief of pain or other symptoms
* When the cancer has spread to the brain

If your doctor recommends such local treatments, it is important that you understand their goal — whether it is to try to cure the cancer or to prevent or treat symptoms.

In some cases, regional chemotherapy (where drugs are delivered directly into a certain area, such as the fluid around the brain or into the liver) may be useful as well.

Treatment to relieve symptoms depends on where the cancer has spread. For example, pain from bone metastases may be treated with external beam radiation therapy and/or bisphosphonates such as pamidronate (Aredia) or zoledronic acid (Zometa). Most doctors recommend bisphosphonates or denosumab (Xgeva), along with calcium and vitamin D, for all patients whose breast cancer has spread to their bones. (For more information about treatment of bone metastases, see our document, Bone Metastasis.)

Advanced cancer that progresses during treatment: Treatment for advanced breast cancer can often shrink or slow the growth of the cancer (often for many years), but it is expected to stop working after a time. Further treatment at this point depends on several factors, including previous treatments, where the cancer is located, and a woman’s age, general health, and desire to continue getting treatment.

For hormone receptor–positive cancers that were being treated with hormone therapy, switching to another type of hormone therapy is sometimes helpful. If not, chemotherapy is usually the next step.

For cancers that are no longer responding to one chemotherapy regimen, trying another may be helpful. There are many different drugs and combinations that can be used to treat breast cancer. However, each time a cancer progresses during treatment it becomes less likely that further treatment will have an effect.

HER2-positive cancers that no longer respond to trastuzumab may respond to lapatinib. Lapatinib also attacks the HER2 protein. This drug is often given along with the chemotherapy drug capecitabine (Xeloda), but it may be used with other chemo drugs, with trastuzumab, or even alone (without chemo).

Because current treatments are very unlikely to cure advanced breast cancer, patients in otherwise good health are encouraged to think about taking part in clinical trials of other promising treatments.

 How Common Is Breast Cancer?

Breast Cancer is the second leading cause of death in women today. In Singapore almost every 1 in 20 women will be diagnosed with breast cancer in her lifetime. Chinese women have a higher risk compared to Malay or Indian by about 10-20%. The highest incidence is in the 55 – 59 years age group. The risk of breast cancer increases with age. The good news is that more women are surviving the disease as a result of earlier detection and improved treatment.
What is Breast Cancer

Breast Cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are detected in the tissues of the breast. These cancer cells can then spread within the tissue or organ and to other parts of the body.

Treatment Options for Stage 0 Breast Cancer

Treatment is not always necessary for stage 0 breast cancer. Sometimes careful observation is enough. When treatment is needed, it is usually very successful. The five-year survival rate is about 100%. Treatments differ depending on what kind of stage 0 cancer you have. Stage 0 cancer may include:

* Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or intraductal carcinoma, in which abnormal cells appear in the ducts of the breast.
* Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) develops when abnormal cells appear in the lobes of the breast.
* Paget’s disease of the nipple is an uncommon type of cancer the develops in or around the nipple.

Treatments for DCIS include:

* Surgery is a standard. For smaller tumors, you might get a lumpectomy, in which only the abnormal cells and some of the surrounding normal tissue are removed. Some women choose a mastectomy, in which the entire breast is removed. After a mastectomy, you might choose to have breast reconstruction surgery. Mastectomy is appropriate if a lumpectomy is unable to remove all of the in-situ cancer.
* Radiation therapy is standard treatment after a lumpectomy. Radiation therapy attacks any abnormal cells that might have been missed and decreases the risk of cancer reoccurence/
* Endocrine therapy with tamoxifen after surgery may also help prevent cancer from developing in the same or opposite breast. This is especially true if the tumor is estrogen receptor and/or progesterone receptor positive.
* Biological therapy. In over 50% of people with DCIS, HER2 is over expressed. Herceptin, a drug which attacks the HER2 oncogene, is currently being studied in clinical trial to treat HER2-positive DCIS.

LCIS raises the risk of getting invasive breast cancer. Treatment may include:

* Endocrine therapy with tamoxifen, raloxifene, or examestane to lower the risk of developing cancer.
* Bilateral mastectomy — the removal of both breasts. Historically this has been the treatment of choice to prevent breast cancer from developing in either breast. However, with the reducing risk effects of endocrine therapy, experts now think that a bilateral mastectomy is a more extreme approach than women usually need.

Paget’s disease of the nipple is usually treated with surgery, without an axillary lymph node dissection, or wide local excision followed by radiation.